In 1960, UNIVAC built the Livermore Atomic Research Computer (LARC), today considered among the first supercomputers, for the US Navy Research and Development Center. A Cray-1 preserved at the Deutsches Museum Each arm of the machine had up to four such racks. Behind the system console are two of the "arms" of the plus-sign shaped cabinet with the covers opened. Main article: History of supercomputing A circuit board from the IBM 7030 The CDC 6600. In June 2018, all combined supercomputers on the TOP500 list broke the 1 exaFLOPS mark. The US has five of the top 10 China has two Japan, Finland, and France have one each. As of May 2022, the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500 supercomputer list is Frontier, in the US, with a LINPACK benchmark score of 1.102 ExaFlop/s, followed by Fugaku. Japan made major strides in the field in the 1980s and 90s, with China becoming increasingly active in the field. The US has long been the leader in the supercomputer field, first through Cray's almost uninterrupted dominance of the field, and later through a variety of technology companies. From then until today, massively parallel supercomputers with tens of thousands of off-the-shelf processors became the norm. Vector computers remained the dominant design into the 1990s. A notable example is the highly successful Cray-1 of 1976. In the 1970s, vector processors operating on large arrays of data came to dominate. Through the decade, increasing amounts of parallelism were added, with one to four processors being typical. The first such machines were highly tuned conventional designs that ran more quickly than their more general-purpose contemporaries. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, and for several decades the fastest was made by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), Cray Research and subsequent companies bearing his name or monogram. They have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis. Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), and physical simulations (such as simulations of the early moments of the universe, airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics, the detonation of nuclear weapons, and nuclear fusion). Additional research is being conducted in the United States, the European Union, Taiwan, Japan, and China to build faster, more powerful and technologically superior exascale supercomputers. Since November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run on Linux-based operating systems. For comparison, a desktop computer has performance in the range of hundreds of gigaFLOPS (10 11) to tens of teraFLOPS (10 13). Since 2017, supercomputers have existed, which can perform over 10 17 FLOPS (a hundred quadrillion FLOPS, 100 petaFLOPS or 100 PFLOPS). The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second ( FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). Computing power of the top 1 supercomputer each year, measured in FLOPSĪ supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid" at Argonne National Laboratory runs 164,000 processor cores using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in 40 racks/cabinets connected by a high-speed 3D torus network. This means the user is not required to be in a specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user to work remotely.For other uses, see Supercomputer (disambiguation). Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store files and applications on remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet.
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